Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041952220140601Effect Intercropping and Weed Control Treatments on the Productively of Maize and Sunflower17718911163110.21608/assjm.2014.111631ENJournal Article20140101The present experiment was carried out in Agricultural Research Station at Giza governorate, Egypt, during 2010 and 2011 seasons to study the effect of three weed control treatments (untreated, hand hoeing twice and (Acetochlor harness herbicide) and four intercropping patterns (1:1), (2:1), (3:1) and (2:2) maize : sunflower in alternating ridges. Beside of two pure stands for both crops as recommended on weed characters and growth, yield and yield components characters of maize and sunflower in association , as well as, competitive relationships and yield advantages. A split plot design with three replications was used.
<strong>Results could be summarized as follows:</strong>
<strong>Weeds:</strong> Hand hoeing twice and harness herbicide significantly decreased all weed characters in both seasons. There is no significance between hand hoeing and harness herbicide. Intercropping pattern (2:2) was a superior pattern in reducing all weed characters in both seasons, whereas intercropping pattern (2:1) gave the highest values in both seasons. The interaction between two factors under study revealed that intercropping pattern (2:2) and using harness herbicide recorded the lowest values on weed characters, whereas intercropping pattern (2:1) with untreated treatment recorded the highest values in both seasons
<strong>Maize:</strong> Hand hoeing twice and harness herbicide significantly increased growth, yield and yield components characters compared with untreated treatment in both seasons. Intercropping pattern (1:1) recorded the highest values for yield components characters of maize in both seasons. Intercropping pattern (3:1) maize: sunflower gave the lowest values for yield components characters of maize in both seasons. Intercropping pattern (1:1) was the highest values were79.66 % and74.46 % grain yield/ fed were significantly affected by the interaction between two factors understudy in both seasons.
<strong>Sunflower: </strong>Harness herbicide and hand hoeing twice treatments gave on one hand higher values and untreated on the other hand lower values of growth, yield and yield components characters of sunflower in both seasons. Most of studied characters of sunflower significantly affected by intercropping patterns in both seasons. Intercropping pattern (2:2) recorded the highest values of seed yield/fed, whereas intercropping pattern (3:1) was the lowest values in both seasons. Head diameter and weight of head were significantly affected by the interactions between two factors.
<strong>Competitive relationship:</strong> Land equivalent ratio<strong> (LER):</strong> The best land usage was 1.21 in the first season, which were recorded with (2:1) pattern (67 % maize: 33 % sunflower), and 1.26 in the second seasons, which were recorded with (1:1) pattern (50 % maize: 50 % sunflower), with intercropping pattern (2:1) by Harness herbicide in the first and second seasons, respectively. Their values showed the same trend of <strong>(RCC)</strong> in both seasons. Aggressivity (Agg.) showed that maize was the dominant crop with the intercropping patterns which included 67 % maize + 33 % sunflower in both seasons, and sunflower was the dominated crop with the other intercropping patterns.
<strong>Total income:</strong> Economic evaluation of intercropping patterns indicated that 2:1 pattern gave the highest values of total income the pattern of 67 % maize: 33 % sunflower (5593.0 L.E.) and (5931.5 L.E.) with herbicide weed control treatments in the first and second season, respectively.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041952220140601Effect of partially replacing fish meal by poultry by-product meal on growth performance and feed utilization of European eels, Anguilla anguilla (Linné 1758)19119611163210.21608/assjm.2014.111632ENJournal Article20140101A 60-days feeding study was conducted to evaluate the effect of partial substitution (0, 20, 40 and 60%) of dietary fish meal (FM) with poultry by-product meal (PBM) on growth performance and feed utilization ofEuropean elver eels, <em>Anguilla anguilla</em>. A total of 80 <em>A. anguilla</em> with an average initial weight of 1.64 ± 0.13 g were equally divided into the eight glass aquaria (100 L each, duplicate per treatment). All aquaria were filled with well water. Four isonitrogenous (45% CP) and isocaloric 20.0 MJ GE kg<sup>-1</sup> test diets were formulated. A diet containing FM (D<sub>1</sub>) as the main source of protein was considered as the control diet. Three tested diets were partially (20 (D<sub>2</sub>), 40 (D<sub>3</sub>) and 60% (D<sub>4</sub>)) substituted for dietary FM protein from control diet with PBM, respectively. In a substitution experiment, the best feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival rate were obtained with the D<sub>1</sub> (100% FM), while protein effeciency ratio (PER), protein productive value (PPV) and energy retention (ER) were obtained with the D<sub>1</sub> and D<sub>2</sub>. The present results indicate that without any significant effect on the PER, PPV and ER, PBM could be used as dietary alternative protein replacement of FM up to the level of 20% for European elver eels, <em>A. anguilla</em>.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041952220140601Optimal stocking density for Nile tilapia, Orechromis niloticus within biofloc system19720411163310.21608/assjm.2014.111633ENJournal Article20140401Considering limit water sources for aquaculture in Egypt, biofloc system is one of the answers. Biofloc system limits water exchange during the aquaculture process. Successful application in tilapia culture was our concern. Therefore, the experiment was established to detect the optimal fish density within biofloc system. Three stocking density (100, 150, 200 fish/m<sup>3</sup>) were examined for the optimal density within biofloc system. Fish with average weight of (6.08±0.22) were randomly distributed in to plastic tanks of 150L water capacity in triplicate each to examine the different density on tilapia growth performance, feed utilization, water quality parameters, and water count of zooplankton. The best growth performance and feed utilization were recorded for100 fish/m<sup>3</sup> (D1). With the increase of stocking density, a depression in growth performance was recognized. All water quality parameters (total ammonia nitrogen, No<sub>2</sub>, pH and temperature) ranged around safe values except for NO<sub>3</sub>. The highest water total zooplankton counts were recorded for (D1). The present results indicate that the optimal stocking density for Nile tilapia within biofloc system was 100 fish/ m<sup>3</sup>.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041952220140601HPLC MONITORING OF PCDD/Fs LEVELS IN FISH SPECIES COLLECTED FROM THE EGYPTIAN MARKET20521011163410.21608/assjm.2014.111634ENJournal Article20200401Chemical pollutants released from various industries into water systems make fish a sources of various environmental toxicants to humans and classified fish consumption as one of the primary pathways of exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs). The current study was conducted on 31 randomly collected individual fish samples marketed in different governorates in Egypt, during 2011–2012 to evaluate tissue levels of the 17 laterally substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and 12 dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs). The mean total TEQ value found in fish was 0.625 and concentrations ranged from 0.063 to 3.981 pg WHO-TEQ/g product, such levels were lower than the EU regulations limits of 2006 (8pg WHO-TEQ/g product). The highest concentrations when the results were expressed in toxic equivalents corresponded to 2,3.4,7,8-PeCDF, PeCDD and TCDD; and PCB-126 being the most frequentof dl-PCBs. The average PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs intakes based on adaily fish consumption of 14.5 g was estimated at 0.15pg WHO-TEQ kg<sup>-1</sup>b.w. d<sup>-1</sup> for adults, which was lower than range of TDI recommended by the WHO (1–4 pg WHO-TEQ kg<sup>-1</sup>b.w. d<sup>-1</sup>), and much lower than the TWI and PTMI adopted by SCF and JECFA, respectively.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041952220140601Evaluation of some lactic acid and probiotic bacteria for their potential for biogenic amine production21122511163510.21608/assjm.2014.111635ENJournal Article20140401The potential capability for biogenic amine (BA) production should be taken into account in the selection and implementation of starter and protective cultures to reduce hygienic and toxicological risks. Therefore, this work aimed to study the production of BA from lactic acid bacteria <strong>(LAB)</strong> used in food products and others isolated from breast-fed infants. The analytical protocol involves the use of PCR and TLC techniques to determine the ability of some LAB to form BA. the results indicated that there are some strains that selected have the ability for BA formation. Six strains from the thirty two examined strains gave positive results for putrescine production and the maximum level was 14.65 mg/kg. On the other hand, six strains yielded positive results for histamine production and the maximum level was 31.77 mg/kg and demonstrated positive indications for the present of histamine decarboxylase gene hdc. Seven strains produced positive results for tyramines production and the maximum level was 2.85 mg/kg and proved positive for the presence of tyrosine decarboxylase gene (<em>tdc</em>). Finally, eight strains out of thirty two showed positive results for agamantine production and the maximum level was 174.50 mg/kg and gave positive signs for the existence of dihydrolase (deiminase) gene which is responsible for agmatine formation. Based on this, it could be concluded that the microorganisms used in food and dairy production should be carefully screened for potential BA production. This is due to the possible horizontal transfer as origin of strain to strain variation of the BA production before and during using in food and dairy industry.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041952220140601Physiochemical characteristics and therapeutic effects of lyophilized Bee venom and Royal jelly22723611163610.21608/assjm.2014.111636ENJournal Article20140401This study was investigating the chemical and physical analysis of bee venom and royal jelly before and after lyophlization process and found that the lyophlization process improved the efficiency of the enzymes and active ingredients as a result of low moisture to 5%. The use of bee venom and royal jelly improved the therapeutic efficiency of some diseases: improving the sexual efficiency, the functions of the kidney and decrease the rate of glucose by using the doses of 500 mg and 1 gram of (1mg of lyophilized bee venom +500mg of lyophilized royal jelly +25mg honey) / kg of body weight orally daily for adult male rats for a month. This study showed that the treatment of adult male rats by 1 gram (1mg of lyophilized bee venom +500mg of lyophilized royal jelly +25mg honey) / kg of body weight orally alone resulted in increasing the weights of the testis and the body of the epididymus, sperm count, testosterone hormone, the percentage of live sperm, and glutathione level, accompanied with decrease in malondialdehyde level and the percentage of sperm abnormality. The oral administration of (1mg of lyophilized bee venom +500mg of lyophilized royal jelly +25mg honey) in doses of 500 mg and 1 g/kg body weight today for one month increased urea concentration in serum and decreased in urine, urea clearance in urine was also decreased as compared to control group. (1mg of lyophilized bee venom +500mg of lyophilized royal jelly +25mg honey) in a dose of 1 g/kg body weight daily decreased serum, urine and creatinine levels. Decrease in serum glucose level was also observed when the test animals were treated with (1mg of lyophilized bee venom +500mg of lyophilized royal jelly +25mg honey) in a dose of 500mg and 1g /kg body weight daily. Remarkable for one month was showed increasing in body weight of adult rats that treated with 1g (1mg of lyophilized bee venom +500mg of lyophilized royal jelly +25mg honey) /kg of body weight compared with control group. This study recommended that using mixtures of lyophilized bee venom and royal jelly which are dissolved in honey as therapy of sexual efficiency, kidney and sugar diseases.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041952220140601Composition and Properties of Camel Milk in Comparison with Cow's and Buffaloes' Milks23624611163710.21608/assjm.2014.111637ENJournal Article20140401Camel, cow's and buffaloe's milk samples were randomly collected from the animal breeding in Marsa-Matrouh, Res. Station. All samples were analysed for TS, fat, protein, lactose, Ca, P, acidity and pH value. Also, amino acids, fatty acids and protein fractionations were studied. Camel milk had a lower TS, protein, lactose, Ca, P, and acidity than cow's and buffaloes' milk. Also, camel milk contained lower CN/TN ratio, while it was higher in WP/TN and NPN/TN. Also, clear variations were detected in milk fat constants between the three different types of milk. The analysis of amino acids showed some variations between camel, cow, and buffaloe's milk. An obvious difference was observed in fatty acid contents between different species. Fractionation of proteins by electrophoresis showed a clear variation that the <em>β-</em>casein was high in camel milk and the <em>κ-</em>casein was very low, while <em>β-</em>lacto globulin was very low in camel milk. That it was similar with human milk in this property.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041952220140601Effect of mineral and organic fertilizer rates on melon vegetative growth and its productivity24726011163810.21608/assjm.2014.111638ENJournal Article20140401Two field experiments were carried out at the farm of Agriculture Researches Station, Fac. Agric, Cairo Univ., Giza during two successive summer seasons of 2011 and 2012 aiming to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers and their interaction on melon vegetative growth and its yield. The obtained results cleared that applying 2 ton compost +60 kg N /fed enhanced plant length, number of leaves, plant fresh and dry weight, number of fruits, average fruit weight and yield per plant and per feddan in both seasons. The highest values of vegetative growth characters, average fruit weight, number of fruits and yield were recorded with 150 kg K<sub>2</sub>O/fed compared to the other treatment of 100 kg K<sub>2</sub>O/fed in both seasons. No significant differences were recorded on vegetative growth character (plant length and number of leaves) due to the application of foliar calcium treatment in both seasons. But there was a significant effect on plant fresh and dry weigh, average fruit weight, number of fruits and yield due to calcium treatment. The interactions between treatments in this study have been discussed.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041952220140601Impact of foliar spraying with iron and magnesium on growth, yield, chemical constituents and storability of broccoli26127211163910.21608/assjm.2014.111639ENJournal Article20140401This study were carried out during the winter season of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 at the Agriculture Research Farm, El-Kassasien Hort. Res. Station, Ismalia Governorate, Egypt, in sandy texture soil and the laboratory of the vegetable handling department, to study the effect of foliar spray with iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg) i.e. Fe at 50 and 100 ppm, Mg at 0.5 and 1.0 %, Fe at 50 ppm + Mg at 0.5 %, Fe at 50 ppm + Mg at 1.0 %, Fe at 100 ppm + Mg at 0.5 % and Fe at 100 ppm + Mg at 1.0 % as well as the Control on growth, yield, chemicalconstituents, and storability of broccoli Sakura F<sub>1</sub> hybrid (<em>Brassica oleracea </em>var.<em> italica</em>), grown under sandy soil conditions using drip irrigation system. Spraying broccoli plants with Fe at 100ppm plus Mg at 0.5% or 1.0% significantly increased all the studied vegetative growth traits compared with other tested treatments with non significant differences between them. Significant increases in the yield and its components and chemical constituents of broccoli florets[Fe (ppm), Mg (ppm), nitrogen and protein %] were recorded by foliar application of Fe at 100ppm plus Mg at 0.5% or 1.0% with non significant differences between them. Regarding quality parameters of broccoli floretsduring storage at 5°C and 90-95% RH for 15 days, results showed that visual appearance, ascorbic acid content and external color of broccoli floretsweredecreased as the storage period increased. Broccoli floretsobtained from plants treated with Fe at 100ppm plus Mg at 0.5% or 1.0% exhibited acceptable appearance, fresh green color floretsand higher ascorbic acid (vit. C.) content during storage as compared with the control or other treatments. Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041952220140601Response of pepper (Capsicum annum L.) to different sources of microelements on growth, yield and chemical composition under Ras Sudr conditions27328511164010.21608/assjm.2014.111640ENJournal Article20140401Pepper plants of CV. California Wonder were grown under saline conditions of Ras Suder Research Station, Desert Research Center in South Sinai Governorate, during autumn growing seasons of 2008 and 2009. Eighteen treatments were: Two method application as nine soil addition treatments; control (without addition), iron ores at rate of (25 and 30 kg./fed.), zinc ore at rate of (15 and 20 kg./fed.) besides interaction treatments. Also, nine foliar spray treatments; control (Water spray), 50 and 100 ppm Fe-EDTA, 50 and 100 ppm Zn-EDTA as well as interaction treatments. The treatments were added 30, 45 and 60 days after transplanting. A split plot design was used. The foliar spray method surpassed than soil addition method, also the interaction treatments with highest level of Fe +Zn as foliar spray gave the best values of growth parameters (plant height, No. of branches, shoot fresh and dry weight and leaf area) also, total yield and its components (number of fruits/plant, fruit length, diameter and weight) as well as, chemical composition (total chlorophyll, protein, V.C , nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, Ca, zinc and iron content of fruits) except Cl and Na gave the lowest values with increasing Fe + Zn level up to (100 ppm ) concentration.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041952220140601Effect of varying plant population density on aphid infestation level and yield of faba bean28729411164110.21608/assjm.2014.111641ENJournal Article20140401Four plant populations: 8, 16, 24 and 32 plants per square meter were tested for their effects on aphid infestation levels and yield potentiality of faba bean (<em>Vicia faba</em> L.) Giza 843 variety, grown under natural infestation in Sids Agricultural Research Station, Beni-Suef Governorate, throughout two consecutive seasons of 2009/10 and 2010/11. Results indicated that a greater number of cowpea aphids infested the lower dense plant populations. Insect population increased with time in all plant populations tested. Dense planting satisfactorily decreased the proportion of plants infested with cowpea aphid by 27.55 and 34.53 % in 2009/10 and 23.10 and 27.26 % during 2010/11 season at plant population of 24 and 32 plants /m². There has been negative relation between aphid abundance and plant density per unit area observed. Also, there was a positive response of seed yield with higher plant population densities; 24 and 32 plants /m² confirmed in the two successive seasons. The seed yield of faba bean crop cultivated at the rate of 24 and 32 plants /m² increased by (19.02 % and 20.50 %), and (14.66 and 34.02 %), over the two lower plant population densities 8 and 16 plants /m²., in the first and second seasons, respectively. The overall results lead to the conclusion that yields of faba bean Giza 843 variety under environment of infestation with cowpea aphid, <em>A. craccivora</em> in middle Egypt region, could be successfully maximized by planting the crop at 24-32 plants /m² plant density (sowing at 2 seeds /hill in double rows or one seed /hill in three rows, 20 cm hill to hill distance on ridges 60 cm apart).Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041952220140601اثر انتاجية وحدة المياة على التنمية الزراعية فى شمال وجنوب مصر29530411191010.21608/assjm.2014.111910ENJournal Article20140401تعتبر المياه احد أهم الموارد الاقتصادية اللازمة للإنتاج الزراعي، ويرجع ذلک إلي الندرة النسبية لها والتي تعتبر مصر احدي الدول التي تعاني من هذه الندرة ويهدف هدا البحث إلي دراسة الوضع الإنتاجي والمائي لبعض المحاصيل الزراعية التي تزرع في کل من (الشمال) الوجه البحري و( الجنوب )الوجه القبلي، وتشمل هذه المحاصيل: القمح، الفول البلدي، الشعير، العدس، البرسيم المستديم، بنجر السکر، البصل الشتوي، الثوم، القطن، الذرة الشامية الصيفي، فول الصويا، الفول السوداني، الطماطم الشتوي، الطماطم النيلي، الطماطم الصيفي، البطاطس الشتوي، البطاطس النيلي، البطاطس الصيفي، الموالح، العنب، والفراولة.
وأتضح من النتائج المتحصل عليها من البحث أن استصلاح واستزراع الأراضي في شمال مصر کما فى الدلتا وسيناء والساحل الشمالي ويعتبر أکثر جدوى من الاستصلاح والاستزراع في الجنوب، ويرجع ذلک إلي الظروف المناخية الحارة في الجنوب وزيادة البخر والاحتياجات المائية المرتفعة للمحاصيل، بالإضافة إلي انخفاض الإنتاجية الفدانية لغالبية هذه المحاصيل في الجنوب مقارنة باحتياجاتها في الشمال.
وتشير النتائج أيضا أن إنتاجية مورد المياه کان أعلي لجميع المحاصيل المختارة في الوجه البحري عن الوجه القبلي، باستثناء محاصيل البصل الشتوي، الثوم، الطماطم الشتوي والبطاطس الشتوي.
وعند اتخاذ قرار فرضا زراعة ألف فدان من کل محصول من المحاصيل موضع الدراسة في الوجه القبلي ترتب علية خسارة في کل من قيمة الإنتاج وکمية الإنتاج ، حيث بلغت جملة الخسارة في المحاصيل المختارة نحو 12,401 مليون جنيه ، أما الخسارة في کمية المياه المستخدمة فبلغت جملتها نحو 22,16 مليون متر مکعب , وفي ضوء النتائج يوصي البحث بما يلي :-
1- محاولة الترکيز علي استصلاح واستزراع الأراضي في المناطق الجديدة في الشمال مثل الدلتا وسيناء والساحل الشمالي للاستفادة من الفرق المستخدم من المياه لري المحاصيل وأيضا لزيادة العائد منها لارتفاع إنتاجيتها مقارنة بالزراعة في الجنوب.
2- ضرورة الأخذ في الاعتبار عند اتخاذ القرارات باستصلاح واستزراع الأراضي في المناطق الجديدة أن مورد المياة يتسم بالندرة النسبية، وهذا يتطلب دراسة وضع تکاليف لمياه الري لتشجيع المزارعين علي استخدام طرق الري الحديثة لترشيد المياه المستخدمة لري المحاصيل .Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041952220140601معوقات أداء القادة المحليين لدورهم فى العمل الإرشادى الزراعى ببعض قرى محافظة الشرقية30531811191210.21608/assjm.2014.111912ENJournal Article20140401استهدف هذا البحث التعرف على خصائص القادة المحليين عينه البحث، وکذلک التعرف على دور القادة المحليين الريفيين فى العمل الإرشادى الزراعى والمعوقات التى تعوق قيامهم بهذا الدور، سواء ما هو مرتبط بالجهاز الإرشادى، وما هو مرتبط بالزراع، وما هو مرتبط بالقادة، وعلاقة خصائص المبحوثين بدرجة وجود المعوقات، وکذلک أهم مصادر حصولهم على المعلومات ومقترحاتهم للتغلب على هذه المعوقات التى تعوق أدائهم.
وقد أجرى هذا البحث على عينة من القادة المبحوثين ببعض قرى محافظة الشرقية عددها 150 قائد محلى ريفى، وجمعت البيانات بواسطة استمارة إستبيان بالمقابلة الشخصية خلال شهرى يناير، وفبراير 2014، وإستخدم لتحليل البيانات التکرارات والنسب المئوية، والمتوسط المرجح، ومعامل الإرتباط البسيط لبيرسون.
<strong>وکانت أهم النتائج التى توصل إليها البحث ما يلى:</strong>
1- أن أهم الأدوار التى يقوم بها القائد المحلى هى المساعدة فى تنفيذ التوصيات الإرشادية للزراع، إقامة الحقول الإرشادية، نشر التوصيات الإرشادية بين الزراع، المساعدة فى معرفة مشاکل الزراع، المساعدة فى تنفيذ التوصيات الإرشادية والمشارکة فى تخطيط وتنفيذ البرامج الإرشادية.
2- وجود معوقات تعوق أداء القادة المحليين الريفيين لدورهم فى العمل الإرشادى منها ما هو مرتبط بالجهاز الإرشادى مثل قصور البرامج الإرشادية، عدم توفر النشرات الإرشادية، تأخر وصول التوصيات الإرشادية، ومنها ما هو مرتبط بالزراع مثل إرتفاع نسبة الأمية، تفتت الحيازة الزراعية، عدم ثقة الزراع فى القائد وآخر مرتبط بالقائد مثل نقص وسائل الإنتقال، عدم تقديم حوافز، عدم وجود اتصال مباشر بين القادة والمرشدين.
3- وجود علاقة إرتباطية معنوية بين کل من درجة التعليم، حجم الحيازة الزراعية، درجة القيادة، القدرة على نشر التوصيات الإرشادية، ودرجة الرضا عن العمل الإرشادى، ودور القادة المحليين فى العمل الإرشادى وبين درجة وجود المعوقات الخاصة بالجهاز الإرشادى، والزراع، والقادة المحليين.
وکانت أهم مصادر المعلومات مجلة الإرشاد الزراعى، المرشد الزراعى، النشرات الإرشادية، الإذاعة، التليفزيون.
وکانت أهم مقترحات المبحوثين للتغلب على هذه المعوقات توفير التمويل اللازم، إشراک القادة فى تخطيط البرامج الإرشادية، إعطاء حوافز للقادة، زيادة ميزانية العمل الإرشادي، توفير الدورات التدريبية المناسبة.