Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041953220150601Effect of intercropping soybean with sorghum on yield and its components of the two crops17518610980810.21608/assjm.2015.109808ENJournal Article20150401A field trial was conducted at Sids Agricultural Research Station., Beni-Sweif Governorate during the summer of season 2010 and 2011 to evaluate the effect of intercropping of soybean with sorghum of different patterns on yield and its components of the two crops. A split plot design with three replications, where main plots contained three intercropping patterns (P<sub>1</sub>) 100% sorghum+25%soybean, (P<sub>2</sub>) 100% sorghum+ 50% soybean and (P<sub>3</sub>) 100% sorghum+75% soybean. However sub plot comprised Giza 35, Giza 83 and Giza 111 soybean cultivars.
The results indicated that sorghum yield/fad. Gave the highest at 100% sorghum +25% soybean cultivars Giza 83 it was decreased with increasing soybean percentage. Seed yield/fad. of soybean was higher when Giza 111 cultivar at 75% intercropped to sorghum compared with Giza 35 and Giza 83 cultivars.
The highest land equivalent ratios (LER) were 1.55 and 1.56 while land equivalent coefficient (LEC) were 0.59 and 0.60 when intercropping patterns (100% sorghum+75% Giza 111 soybean cultivar) in the first and the second seasons, respectively. The aggressivity (Agg) of soybean was dominant while sorghum was dominated at (100% sorghum + 75% soybean cultivar). The greater values competitive ratio (CR) of soybean were 1.18 and 1.05 while sorghum were 1.11 and 1.16 when intercropping patterns (100% sorghum+25% soybean Giza 35 cultivar and 75% soybean Giza 111 cultivar
The highest values monetary advantage index (MAI) were 1982.74 and 2509.07 while the highest monetary advantage ratio (MER) were 1.47 was 1.52 when observed intercrop (100% sorghum + 75% soybean Giza 111 cultivar in the first and the second seasons, respectively. Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041953220150601Effect of intercropping patterns and nitrogen fertilization levels on yield and yield components of maize and soybean18719710980910.21608/assjm.2015.109809ENJournal Article20150401A field experiments was carried out at Sers El-Lian Agriculture Research Station Monofiya Governorate during summer seasons 2010 and 2011 to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and intercropping patterns on yield and yield attributes of maize with soybean intercropping. A split-plot design was used the main plot contains three nitrogen fertilizer were 90, 105 and 120 kg N/fad. and the sub plot include three intercropping patterns (P<sub>1</sub>) (100% maize + 25% soybean), (P<sub>2</sub>) (100% maize + 50% soybean) and (P<sub>3</sub>) (100% maize + 75% soybean) with three replications.
<strong>The results could be summarized as follows: </strong>
Grain yield/fad. of maize increased by increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels, while decreased by increased plant density of soybean from 25% to 75%. Seed yield/fad. of soybean increased by increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels and plant density from 25% to 75% of solid.
The highest of land equivalent ratio (LER) gave 1.56 and 1.57 and land equivalent coefficient (LEC) produced 0.60 and 0.61 when observed intercropping pattern (100% maize+ 75% soybean) and nitrogen fertilizer level 120 kg N/fad. in the first and the second seasons, respectively. The aggressivity (Agg) of soybean was dominant while maize was dominated. The highest of competition ratio (CR) was soybean while lowest of (CR) was maize. The highest values monetary advantage index (MAI) were 2549.15 and 3088.71 and monetary equivalent ratio (MAR) were 1.23 and 1.37 when intercropping pattern (100% maize + 25% soybean) and nitrogen fertilizer level 120 kg N/fad. in the first and the second seasons, respectively.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041953220150601Effect of some biofertilizers ( pgpr, biosoal and compost tea)on growth ,yield, fiber quality and yarn properties of egyptian cotton.(promising hybrid 10229xg86).19921010981010.21608/assjm.2015.109810ENJournal Article20150401Experiments of this study were conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Moshtohor, Benha University Fiber and yarrrn properties were conducted at cotton research institute, Agric. Res. Center, Giza Egypt during 2013 and 2014 seasons The effect of applying biofertilizers with the recommended rates as soil addition With the plant growth promoting Rizobactria(PGPR)and Biosoal as well as foliar spray with PGPR ,biosoal and compost tea.were studied Also, the combinations of PGPR+ biosoal; PGPR+ compost tea and PGPR + biosoal+ compost tea. Different applied treatments were added through plant growth at,45,65,85and 105 days after sowingduring 2013 and 2014 seasons. At 125 days after sowing i.e., 20 days after the last addition and /or spray vegetative growth,yield, chemical analysis, some yield components and fiber& yarn properties were estimated.The most important results can be summarized as follows:
Different applied treatments increased growth characteristics i.e., plant height, number and total area of leaves/ plant, number of vegetative and fruiting branches/plant and total chlorophyll during bothgrowing seasons. The most effective treatments upon growth characteristics were the combination of PGPR+ Biosoal+Compost Tea. Also, yield and yield components i.e. bolls weight/plant, seed cotton yield (g) /plant and (kantar)/ feedan, lint weight( g) /plant, lint % and seed yield index as well.In addition,the treatment of mixed bacteria strains when applied in form of foliar spray PGPR+Biosoal +compost tea increased mineral nutrients i.e.N, P, K,Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu contents in Egyptian cotton leaf at 125 days after sowing during 2013 &2014 seasons. Furthermore, fiber physical and mechanical properties of yarn under different applied treatments were increased.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041953220150601Effect of some pre-treatments on acrylamide concentration in potato chips21122010981210.21608/assjm.2015.109812ENJournal Article20150401This work was done to investigate the effect of some pretreatments, soaking in (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 %) calcium chloride (CaCl<sub>2</sub>) and Citric acid (for different times of soaking 30 and 60 min.) on acrylamide formation in potato chips. The pretreated potatoes slices 0.2 mm were fried at the temperature degree (185 ± 5 <sup>o</sup>C for 6-7 min) on an electrical fryer using palm oil. Generally, the untreated potato chips had higher acrylamide content than the soaked potato chips. The highest level of acrylamide was found in samples contained the highest reducing sugars; followed by those contained the moderate level of reducing sugars and the highest level of asparagine. While, the lowest level of acrylamide content was detected in samples contained the moderate level of reducing sugars and the lowest content of asparagine. Which maintain that reducing sugars and asparagine contents of samples before frying played an important role in acrylamide formation. Sensory characteristics could not be used as an indicator for acrylamide content, related to those potato chips with similar sensory characteristics had different acrylamide concentrations. The results of the present study suggest that acrylamide formation depended strongly on frying conditions (especially reusing of oil) and chemical composition of samples (especially reducing sugars and asparagine content). In the end, from those results using soaking in calcium chloride 2% and citric acid 1% for 60 min can reduce the formation of acrylamide.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041953220150601Genetic Analysis to Select Good Combiners for TYLCV-Tolerance and Yield Components in Tomato22123210981310.21608/assjm.2015.109813ENJournal Article20150401As an attempt to develop high-yielding and TYLCV-tolerant hybrids, this study was conducted using TYLCV-tolerant inbred lines F8: 802-5 (P<sub>1</sub>); F8: 802-21 (P<sub>2</sub>) and selection of CLN3498E (P<sub>3</sub>) and TYLCV-susceptible cvs Ace 55VF (P<sub>4</sub>), Super Strain B (P<sub>5</sub>) and Castlerock (P<sub>6</sub>). A line × tester mating system was carried out under greenhouse conditions through the 2012 winter planting to produce tolerant × susceptible hybrids. Nine F<sub>1</sub> hybrids and their parents were evaluated for TYLCV tolerance, yield and fruit quality under natural infection of TYLCV by whitefly-mediated virus inoculations under field conditions during the 2013 and 2014 fall plantings. Mid-parent hterosis (H), heterobeltiosis (BPH), potence ratio (P), and combining ability effects were estimated for the evaluated traits. The variances due to combining abilities showed that additive gene action played the predominant role in controlling TYLCV-tolerance and yield traits. The hybrids of parent P<sub>1</sub>, in addition to P<sub>2</sub> × P<sub>4</sub> exhibited the maximum H and BPH for early (EY) and total yield (TY)/plant under TYLCV-infection. The hybrids of P<sub>1</sub> were exhibited the maximum negative significant H of TYLCV mean score. TYLCV-tolerant parent P<sub>1</sub> was a good combiner for TYLCV mean score, EY/plant and TY/plant traits, while, TYLCV-susceptible parent P<sub>4</sub> was a good combiner for each of TYLCV-mean score, EY/plant, TY/plant, average fruit weight (AFW), and fruit TSS content traits. The TYLCV-tolerant cross P<sub>2</sub> × P<sub>4</sub> was a good combination for TYLCV mean score, TY/plant, AFW, fruit firmness, and fruit TSS content traits, while TYLCV-tolerant cross P<sub>1</sub> × P<sub>4</sub> was a good combination for TYLCV mean score, EY/plant, TY/plant and fruit titarable acidity content traits.
<strong> </strong>Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041953220150601Tomato Halopriming for Improving Germination and Seedling Growth under Normal and Saline Conditions23324110981410.21608/assjm.2015.109814ENJournal Article20150401This study was carried out to investigate the effects of halopriming on germination and seedling growth of tomato cv. Ace 55VF seeds under normal and saline conditions. Halopriming was done by exposing seeds to aerated solutions of NaCl (0.05 M and 6M) and KNO<sub>3</sub> (25mM and 2%). There was no significant effect of halopriming treatments on germination percentage, however, halopriming had a significant effect on germination rate and mean germination time. Halopriming with 2% KNO<sub>3</sub> increased germination rate and decreased mean germination time. Also, the 2% KNO<sub>3</sub> halopriming treatment had the highest significant values for No of leaves, stem length and diameter, fresh and dry weights of shoot and root, and leaf chlorophyll content. In general, KNO<sub>3</sub> halopriming treatments had a positive effect on germination and seedling growth as compared to NaCl halopriming. Under saline conditions, halopriming increased final germination percentage and improved seedling growth compared to unprimed treatment. NaCl halopriming treatment increased adaptation of seedlings to salt tolerance compared to control treatment (unpriming) followed by KNO<sub>3</sub> halopriming treatment. However, final germination percentage was highest significantly with KNO<sub>3</sub> halopriming. Therefore, it can be said that the germination and seedling growth of tomato are improved by halopriming treatments, especially with KNO<sub>3</sub>, under normal and saline conditions.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041953220150601Trials on Acclimatization of Tissue Culture Derived Date Palm Plants (Phoenix dactylifera L).24324810981510.21608/assjm.2015.109815ENJournal Article20150401Different light intensities i.e.1000,2000 and 3000 lux ; agricultural media i.e. vermiculite , sand , and peat moss ; pot sizes i.e. small &large as well as pot opening types i.e. Basal and longitudinal were trials applied to enhance acclimatization and production of healthy & vigorous plants of Barhi cv. date palm plantlets. Results indcate that using light intensity at 2000 lux improved most parameters under investigation. Also, most of combined treatments of agricultural media were superior in enhancing excellent results for most acclimatization parameters of Barhi cv.date palm. Moreover, using combination of either Basal or longitudinal pot opening types with small pot size during acclimatization stage of Barhi date palm improved most parameters under study.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041953220150601Influence of rhizobium inoculation combined with azotobacter chrococcum and bacillus megaterium var phosphaticum on growth, nodulation, yield and quality of two snap been (phasealus vulgaris l.) cultivars.24926110981610.21608/assjm.2015.109816ENJournal Article20150401The present investigation was carried out during the two successive summer seasons of 2007 and 2008 at the Experimental Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, to study the effect of inoculation with <em>Rhizobium leguminoarum bv. phaseoli </em>(ARC 301) (Rh), <em>Azotobacter chroococcum </em>(AZ1) and <em>Bacillus megaterium var phosphaticium</em> (BM3) on nodulation , N<sub>2</sub>-fixation, population of rhizosphere microorganism (RMO), NPK-Content, yield and pod quality of two snap been (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris L.</em>) cultivars, namely Bronco and Paulista under 25% of the recommended dose of NPK chemical fertilizers. Results indicated that inoculation with biofertilizers mixture had a significant effect on snap been growth parameters , nodulation and N<sub>2</sub>-fixation. The highest values were recorded with Rh + AZ1 + BM3 in presence of 25% the recommended dose of NPK fertilizers. <em>Paulista cv.</em> surpassed cv. Bronco in plant height, plant fresh and dry weights, both number of branches and pods/plant as well as leaf chlorophyll content, whearas the reverse was true concerning the plant yield, early and total green pod yield and dry seed yield per feddan, pod weight and diameter as well as pods dry matter, carbohydrates and fibres. <em>Rhizobium</em> (Rh) + <em>Bacillus megaterium</em> (BM3) with 25% the recommended dose of NPK significantly increased all traits of vegetative growth, yield and its components and pod characteristics in comparison with the control treatment (uninoculated + 100% NPK). The best interaction treatment regarding plant growth and chlorophyll leaf content was cv. Paulista with Rh + BM3 + 25% NPK. Meanwhile, cv. Bronco with the same treatment was the best regarding yield and its components as well as pod characteristics.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041953220150601Studying the antagonistic activity of some Gluconacetobacter isolates and their colonizing ability of rice roots in vitro26327410981710.21608/assjm.2015.109817ENJournal Article20150401The family Acetobacteriaceae currently includes three known nitrogen-fixing species, <em>Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, G. johannae </em>and <em>G. azotocaptans</em>. In the present study, nitrogen fixing bacteria were isolated from sugarcane and rice roots cultivated in Aswan and Qalubia Governorates, respectively. Seven isolates from sugarcane roots and three isolates from rice roots gave the basis phenotypic characteristics of <em>Gluconacetobacter </em>sp. These isolates were examined for plant growth promotion activities such as indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellins (GA<sub>3</sub>) production in addition to their putative endophytic features such as cellulase and pectinase production. Rice seeds (<em>Oryza officinalis) </em>colonizing ability with the ten <em>Gluconacetobacter </em>isolates <em>in vitro</em> was examined. The ten<em> Gluconacetobacter </em>isolates were examined for their antagonistic activity against pathogenic fungi and bacteria in addition to their ability to produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and siderophores.Sodium dodecyle sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is a technique used for the characterization and analysis of proteins for identification of bacterial isolates and yielding valuable information on the similarity and dissimilarity amongst bacterial cultures.
<strong><em> </em></strong>Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041953220150601Seasonal abundance of some sap-sucking pests on Cape gooseberry, Physalis peruviana L.27528510981810.21608/assjm.2015.109818ENJournal Article20150401The effect of some weather factors and plant age after transplantation on population of some sap-sucking pests on cape gooseberry plants were studied during two successive seasons of 2012 and 2013 at Qaha district, Qalubia Governorate. The cotton whitefly, <em>Bemisia tabaci</em> (Genn.) recorded 6 and 5 peaks at both egg and nymphal stages during two seasons, respectively. The correlation between plant age after transplantation, maximum& minimum temperature and mean numbers of<em> B. tabaci</em> eggs were negative and highly significant effect, but relative humidity (RH%) recorded negatively significant and wind speed had positive and highly significant effect in first season. In the second season, plant age after transplantation had negative and significant effect, but Max.& Min. Tempe. had negative and highly significant, while Max.& Min. RH% recorded negative and significant and wind speed showed positive and insignificant . <em>B. tabaci</em> nymph had negative and non significantly correlation with all the tested factors in both seasons, except of wind speed had positive non significant in the first season and positive significant in the second season. <em>B. tabaci</em> pupae had 6 and 3 peaks at the two seasons respectively, and all the tested factors had insignificant effect.
The cotton thrips, <em>Thrips tabaci</em> lind. nymphs recorded 4 and 6 peaks in the first and second seasons, respectively, all the tested factors recorded negative and highly significant correlation except of Max. RH % was non significant, Min. RH % was significant and wind speed was positive in the first season. In the second season all the tested factors recorded negative and significant correlation except of Max. and Min. RH% had insignificant and wind speed recorded positive and non significant. Thrips adult recorded three and four peaks in the two seasons , respectively. Statistical analysis in the first season showed that the effect of the tested factors on the mean numbers of adult stage had approximately the same trend with thrips nymphs. But in the second season, plant age after transplanting, Max. & Min. temperature and wind speed had negatively correlation and insignificant effect except of Max. Temperature had significant effect. While Max. & Min. relative humidity was positively correlation and insignificant.
Tomato rust mite, <em>Aceria lycopersici</em> (Wolffenstein) recorded four and one peaks in the two seasons , respectively. All the tested factors had non significant effect and positive correlation in the two seasons, except of wind speed recorded negative correlation in the first season.
The red spider mite, <em>Tetranychus</em> spp. had three and five peaks in the two seasons, respectively. Statistical analysis recorded highly significant and positive relationship between mean numbers of<em> Tetranychus</em> spp. and the tested factors except of wind speed had negatively correlation in the first season . in the second season had positively and high significantly correlated with plant age after transplanting date , but temperature and wind speed showed positively correlation and significant effect.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041953220150601Ecological, biological and control studies on apple rust miteAculusschlechtendali (Nalepa) (Acari: Eriophyidae) in Egypt28729310981910.21608/assjm.2015.109819ENJournal Article20150401The results showed that the population fluctuation continued at a moderate level until the mid of May and then started to increase until it reached to three peaks from the mid of June to the mid of Augustwhen the temperature degrees were at 29 -27.5 °C.<em>A. schlechtendali</em>occur on the underside of the leaves and their feeding produces a patchy felt-like malformation on leaf surface and yellowing of hairs. The upper surface of foliage appears speckled, dull and faded.The population of the apple rust mite <em>A. schlechtendali</em> was significantly highest at the interval from the end of May to the mid of August. The obtaineddata indicated thatthe total developmental time of the immature stages was 6.95 ± 0. 42 and 7.18 ± 0.32 days for male and female, respectively, and the female fecundity was 54.80eggs; 3.07eggs/♀/day. Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was found to be 0.208 individuals per female per day and the population multiplied 24.18 times in a generation time of 16.11 days under the given conditions.
The results of control pest experiments indicated that the Abamectin was superior in reducing the apple rustmite<em>A.schlechtendali</em>(96%reduction) compared to Chlorfenapyr and Sulphur which had approximately equal reductions (88and 84% reductions, respectively).
The study ended with the conclusion that. The apple rust mite<em>A.schlechtendali</em>is considered to be disastrous as its intrinsic rate of increase (rm) is high and the best control of this species at this interval was attained with Abamectin.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041953220150601Evaluation of some commercial formuilations against Spodoptera littoralis and Hypera brunneippennis larvae.29530210982010.21608/assjm.2015.109820ENJournal Article20150401The insecticidal activity of three commercial Bt – formulations and one fungus; namely DipelDf , W- Bus and Protecto (<em>Bacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki </em>) and Biofly ( <em>Beauveria bassiana</em>) were tested against 2<sup>nd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> instar larvae of <em>Spodoptera littoralis </em>(Boisd) and <em>Hypera brunneipennis </em>(Boheman) were studied under laboratory conditions. Results revealed that Bt- formulations caused the larval mortality after treatment of <em>S. littoralis </em>2<sup>nd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> larval instars ranged from 40 to 100 % and 32.5 to 92.5 % and reached 100 ,85 and 100 % for <em>H</em>. <em>brunneipennis</em>, respectively at the highest concentration after 7 days of treatment compared to 77.5 % and 60 % for <em>S</em>. <em>littoralis</em> and 95 and 85 % for <em>H</em>. <em>brunneipennis </em>treatments by Biofly. The DipelDf and W-Bus were highly efficient on the insect larvae, followed by Biofly and Protecto, respectively. Based on the LC<sub>50 </sub>values, DipelDf was the highest toxic to <em>S</em>. <em>littoralis </em>and <em>H</em>. <em>brunneipennis</em> than that of the other compounds. Pupation and adults emergence percentages were reduced by all treatments compared to control.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041953220150601دراسة اقتصادية لبعض أساليب صيانة القنوات المائية بمحافظة الشرقية30332010982210.21608/assjm.2015.109822ENJournal Article20150401تزايد اهتمام الحکومة المصرية بقضية المياه ويرتکز جوهر هذه القضية فى ان المياه ليست مثل باقى السلع يمکن زيادة المعروض منها کلما زاد الطلب عليها بالإضافة الى محدودية هذا المورد حيث يقدر نصيب مصر من المياه بحوالى 55,5 مليار متر مکعب فى السنة وساعد على أهمية هذه القضية الزيادة السکانية الکبيرة وضرورة ترشيد المياه المستخدمة في الزراعة حيث تستهلک الزراعة حوالى 85 بالمائة من ايراد مياه نهر النيل.کذلک ما يحيط بمصر من الخارج وخاصة نصيب مصر من مياه نهر النيل بعد بناء سد النهضة . لذلک اصبح من الضرورى تبنى السياسات والاستراتجيات المائية الوطنية لمواجهة التحديات الناجمة عن ندرة المياه والاستخدامات غير المستدامة لها، بالإضافة الى تعظيم الاستفادة من الموارد المائية.
وتضمنت هذه السياسات الإجراءات والبرامج التى ترتکز على تنمية الموارد المائية واستغلال المصادر غير التقليدية وتعظيم الاستفادة من الموارد المتاحة وزيادة کفاءة استخدامها وتقليل الفواقد منها والحفاظ على نوعية المياه. وقد واکب ذلک قيام الحکومة المصرية باتخاذ العديد من إجراءات التطوير والإصلاح المؤسسى من أجل توزيع المهام وتحديد العلاقات التنظيمية بين المؤسسات العاملة فى قطاع المياه وتشجيع مشارکة القطاع الخاص والمستخدمين فى إدارة المياه خصوصاً فى أعمال التشغيل والصيانة ووضع الإجراءات التشريعية والقانونية لتنظيم استخدامات المياه فى حدود الموارد المتاحة. إلا أنه بالرغم من هذه الجهود مازالت هناک الحاجة مستمرة وملحة للموائمة بين الطلب المتزايد على الاستخدامات المختلفة للمياه مقابل العرض المحدود فضلاً عن مشکلات التلوث الناجم عن النمو الصناعى والسکانى وانخفاض مستوى الوعى وتدنى مستوى مشارکة المنتفعيين وما يستتبعه ذلک من تعديات على القنوات المائية مما يقلل من الکفاءة الهيدروليکية لها.
ومما سبق فإنه يتضح أهمية وجود تقييم واقعى للوضع الحالى لحالة شبکة الرى على مستوى محافظات مصر. لذا فأن وضع تصور لکيفية تحسين کفاءة شبکة الرى على مستوى محافظة الدراسة (کحالة دراسية) يمکن تعميمها على مستوي الجمهورية حيث تعتبر احد أهم رکائز البحث لرفع کفاءة استخدام المياه الاروائية.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041953220150601Garbage recycling in Qaluobeia Economics32133210982310.21608/assjm.2015.109823ENJournal Article20150401Considered garbage gathering of the most important environmental problems of the phenomenon and needs to get rid of them for concerted various efforts of individuals, government agencies and NGOs to overcome this phenomenon so as to achieve economic benefit from the garbage to increase the national income and raise environmental and health standards, as we find that the garbage has become a common phenomenon in our streets and we are used to seeing it every day and become a big burden on the people they spread disease and epidemics and pollution sights bad with its look, and is no doubt that the proper disposal and safe from trash his economic and environmental significant impact, Besides the physical yield which can be obtained from recycling trash, the environmental yield and Social much higher , This is the reduction of environmental pollution instead of burial and burning of garbage, preservation of natural materials, reduce dependence on import of raw materials, create new jobs, provide energy alternatives.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>The problem of the study</strong>
The increase in the accumulation of garbage from the most serious environmental problems facing the sustainable development plans, where trash quantity in Egypt is estimated at about 20.17 million tonnes per year, according to estimates in 2012, generated by the governorates of Greater Cairo (Cairo, Giza, Qaliubiya) 9.5 million tons per year, where representing 47.1% of total annual generated from garbage, as the average efficiency of collection and transport in rural areas to less than 30%, which constitutes a danger to public health and the surrounding environment in the event of failure to deal with the waste in the framework of integrated treatment of garbage system, The problem of the study basic that despite the availability of advanced technology at the moment but it is not used garbage optimal use of mind of inputs for other economic operations, where the importance of benefiting from the garbage through the establishment of garbage recycling projects, with a view to the production of other high economic value materials, and reduce the damage resulting there from .Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041953220150601Awareness of agricultural extension agents to the current role of agricultural extension in the province On agricultural environment from pollution under the economic liberalization policy33334810982410.21608/assjm.2015.109824ENJournal Article20150401استهدف هذا البحث بصورة رئيسية التعرف علي الدور الحالي للإرشاد الزراعي في مجال المحافظة علي البيئة من التلوث في ظل سياسة التحرر الاقتصادى من وجهة نظر المرشدين الزراعيين في محافظة القليوبيه و التعرف علي المشکلات التى تواجه الارشاد الزراعي في الحفاظ علي البيئة الزراعية من التلوث في ظل سياسة التحرر الاقتصادى من وجهة نظر المرشدين الزراعيين .
ولتحقيق اهداف البحث جمعت البيانات من عينة عشوائية منتظمة من واقع کشوف حصر المرشدين الزراعيين مع مراعاة التمثيل النسبى لکل مرکز فتم توزيعهم على النحو التالى : (28مرشداعن مرکزبنها،30مرشدا عن مرکز طوخ،16مرشداعن مرکز قليوب ، 15 مرشداعن مرکز کفر شکر،22مرشدا عن مرکز شبين القناطر،12مرشدا عن مرکز القناطر الخيرية ، 8 مرشدين عن مرکز الخانکة)
ولتحليل البيانات فقد استخدمت بعض المقاييس الإحصائية المناسبة لتحليلها احصائيا مثل (التکرارات), (الوسط الحسابى المرجح),(والعرض الجدولي),( والنسب المئوية) وقد تلخصت اهم النتائج فيما يلى :
ان هناک :-
1- <span style="text-decoration: underline;">أنشطة إرشادية ذات درجة أداء مرتفعة </span>
ا- فى مجال المحافظة على الهواء من التلوث وهى: تعرف الزرا ع بأهمية عدم استخدام قمائن الطوب وسط المنازل بمتوسط مرجح ( 54.8 )0
ب- مجال المحافظة على المياه من التلوث وهى: النشاط الخاص بتعلم الزراع لأهمية التسوية السطحية للتربة وذلک بمتوسط مرجح ( 57.3)0
ج- بالنسبة لمجال المحافظة على التربة توعية الزراع بعمليات الحرث والخدمة اللازمة لکل محصول بمتوسط مرجح ( 56.5 ) 0
د- فى مجال تجميل البيئة بالريف المصرى فجاء تطبيق الزراع لتوصيات ترشيد إستخدام المبيدات بمتوسط مرجح ( 45 ).
2- <span style="text-decoration: underline;">أنشطة إرشادية ذات درجة أداء متوسطة </span> :
ا- فى مجال المحافظة على الهواء من التلوث فکان تفهم الزراع لأهمية عدم التدخين داخل المنازل نتيجة إستخدام الأفران بمتوسط مرجح (49.7).
ب- فى مجال المحافظة على المياه إستعمال الزراع للمقننات المائية اللازمة لکل محصول وعدد الريات بمتوسط مرجح ( 45.7 ) اما مجال المحافظة على التربة فجاء تطبيق الزراع لأهمية زراعة المحاصيل البقولية کمخصبات للتربة بمتوسط مرجح (49.2 ).
ج- فى مجال تجميل البيئة بالريف المصرى النشاط الإرشادى الخاص بإکساب الزراع مهارة زراعة الأشجارالمفيدة إقتصادياً کالتوت والکافور والکازورينا والنخيل والزيتون وذلک بمتوسط مرجح ( 43.2 درجة ).
3- <span style="text-decoration: underline;">أنشطة إرشادية ذات درجة أداء منخفضة :</span>
ا- مجال المحافظة على الهواء من التلوث فکان إدراک الزراع لأهمية عدم التجريف والبناء على الأراضى الزراعية
ب- فى مجال المحافظة على المياه فکان تطبيق الزراع لأساليب ترشيد استخدام المياه بمتوسط مرجح (43.3) .
ج- فى مجال المحافظة على التربة فکانت توعية الزراع بعمليات الحرث والخدمة اللازمة لکل محصول ( 45.3). وفى مجال تجميل البيئة بالريف المصرى إدراک الزراع للتشريعات والقوانين الزراعية وذلک بمتوسط مرجح ( 38.3).
وفيما يتعلق بالمشکلات التى تواجه الارشاد الزراعى وتؤثر على أداء مهامهم فى المحافظة على البيئة من التلوث من وجهة نظر المرشدين الزراعيين فکانت هى: ضئالة المرتبات وعدم مناسبتها لطبيعة العمل بنسبة ( 51.7 % ) و عدم مناسبة البرامج الإرشادية لتلبية إحتياجات الشباب الريفى بنسبة ( 24 % ) وعدم وجود أعداد کافية من المرشدين المتخصصين بنسبة ( 52.5 % ) و قلة الإعتمادات المالية اللازمة للعمل بنسبة ( 40.9 % ) وارتفاع تکلفة الانتاج الزراعى بنسبة (27.9%).Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041953220150601معوقات التنمية الزراعية بمحافظة الوادي الجديد34936110983710.21608/assjm.2015.109837ENJournal Article20150401استهدف البحث التعرف على درجة وجود معوقات التنمية الزراعية بمحافظة الوادي الجديد، وتحديد العلاقة بين درجة وجود معوقات التنمية الزراعية وبين المتغيرات المستقلة المدروسة، والتعرف على مقترحات المبحوثين للحد من درجة وجود معوقات التنمية الزراعية، وتم إجراء هذا البحث بمحافظة الوادي الجديد، واختيار عينة بلغت 185 مبحوثاً، وتم جمع بيانات البحث باستخدام استمارة استبيان أعدت خصيصاً لتحقيق أهداف البحث، واستخدم في عرض النتائج العرض الجدولى بالتکرارات والنسب المئوية، والمتوسط الحسابي والانحراف المعياري، کما استخدم معامل الارتباط البسيط( بيرسون).
<strong> وتمثلت أهم نتائج الدراسة فيما يلي:</strong>
- أن 23.1% من المبحوثين ذکروا أن معوقات التربة الزراعية موجودة بدرجة منخفضة، و ذکر 27.5 % منهم أن معوقات التربة الزراعية موجودة بدرجة متوسطة، وأن 49.4% رأوا أن معوقات التربة الزراعية موجودة بدرجة مرتفعة
- تبين أن 22.7% من المبحوثين ذکروا أن معوقات الري من المياه الجوفية موجودة بدرجة منخفضة، و ذکر 24.9 % أن معوقات الري من المياه الجوفية موجودة بدرجة متوسطة، وأن 52.4% رأوا أن معوقات الري من المياه الجوفية موجودة بدرجة مرتفعة.
- توضح النتائج أن 20.8% من المبحوثين ذکروا أن معوقات الصرف الزراعي موجودة بدرجة منخفضة، وأن 34.7 % منهم رأوا أن معوقات الصرف الزراعي موجودة بدرجة متوسطة، وذکر 44.5% منهم أن معوقات الصرف الزراعي موجودة بدرجة مرتفعة.
- تظهر النتائج أن 24% من المبحوثين ذکروا أن معوقات تسويق المنتجات الزراعية موجودة بدرجة منخفضة، وذکر29.7 % منهم أن معوقات تسويق المنتجات الزراعية موجودة بدرجة متوسطة، وأن 46.3% رأوا أن معوقات تسويق المنتجات الزراعية موجودة بدرجة مرتفعة.
- أشارت النتائج أن 12.3% من المبحوثين ذکروا أن معوقات العمل الإرشادي الزراعي موجودة بدرجة منخفضة، و ذکر32.1 % أن معوقات العمل الإرشادي الزراعي موجودة بدرجة متوسطة، وأن 55.6% رأوا أن معوقات العمل الإرشادي الزراعي موجودة بدرجة مرتفعة.
تبين النتائج أن 20.7% من المبحوثين ذکروا أن المعوقات الکلية موجودة بدرجة منخفضةً، في حين کان 28.3% منهم رأوا أن المعوقات الکلية موجودة بدرجة متوسطة ، وذکر 51.0 % أن المعوقات الکلية موجودة بدرجة لمرتفعةً.
- توضح النتائج وجود علاقة معنوية عند مستوى 0.01 بين السن، ودرجة تعليم المبحوث، ودرجة القيادة، ودرجة الاتجاه نحو المستحدثات الزراعية، بينما کانت العلاقة معنوية عند مستوى 0.05 مع مساحة الحيازة الزراعية، وعدد سنوات الخبرة في العمل المزرعى ، ودرجة الاتجاه نحو الإرشاد الزراعي وبين درجة وجود معوقات التنمية الزراعية
- ذکر المبحوثين عدد من المقترحات أهمها: ضرورة تبطين قنوات الري والصرف الزراعي ، و العمل على زيادة أعداد المرشدين الزراعيين، و الحد من حفر الآبار العشوائية غير المرخصة، وضرورة إنشاء جمعيات تعاونية لتسويق المنتجات الزراعية، و توفير المعينات الإرشادية المناسبة لسهولة توصيل المعلومات للمزارع.Benha University; Faculty of AgricultureAnnals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor1110-041953220150601عـــزل و تعريف أجناس الفطــريات المصاحبة لحبوب القمح المستورد لبعض المصانع الليبية.36237210983810.21608/assjm.2015.109838ENJournal Article20150401استهدف البحث عزل و تعريف لبعض أنواع الفطريات المصاحبة من25 عينة من حبوب القمح الطري (T.aestivum) والصلب(T. durm) من بعض المطاحن الليبية خلال شهري (يونيو – يوليو 2013) من المنطقة الجنوبية والشرقية و الغربية ، و أظهرت نتائج العزل وجود 6 أجناس منالفطريات لحبوب القمح الطري و الصلبو المعقمة سطحياً بـ1% من هيبو کلوريت الصوديوم وغير المعقمة باستخدام الأوساط الغذائيةPDA و DRBCوکان أکثر الفطريات شيوعاً هو فطر Aspergillus spp.والذي تم عزله بنسبة 29.50% و يليه فطرPenicilliumspp < em>.</em>بنسبة21.06%ثم فطر Alternariaبنسبة 23.25% و فطر Mucorبنسبة 18.13% وفطرRhizopus بنسبة 5.54% و فطرFusarium بنسبة0.77%. و أظهرت نتائج الاختبارات التشخيصية لعدد 60 عزلة والتي کانت تتبع 4 أنواع من الفطريات وهي :<em>Aspergillusflavus</em><em> ، </em><em>A. clavatus</em><em>، </em><em>A. niger </em><em> ، </em><em>Penicillium olivic</em><em>o</em><em>lor</em>،والمتوقع أن أغلب هذه الفطريات مفرزة للسموم الفطرية .وأثبتت نتائج التحليل الإحصائيعند مستوى إحتمالية 1% بعدم وجود فروق معنوية لجنس Aspergillusspp < em>.</em> وبقية الفطريات الأخرى التي تم عزلها من حبوب القمح ، أيضاً بلغ المتوسط العام للعدد الکلي لنفس الفطريات في المناطق قيد الدراسة لو<sub>10 </sub>2.0 و.ت.م/جم و لو<sub>10</sub> 2.85و.ت.م/جم و لو<sub>10</sub>2.10و.ت.م/جم و لو<sub>10</sub>2.78 و.ت.م/جم في القمح الطري والصلب على التوالي، وبينت نتائج التحليل الإحصائي وجود فروق معنوية بين متوسطات العدد الکلي للفطريات بين صنفي القمح للمناطق وذلک عند مستوى احتمالية 1% .